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KEY MESSAGES • The Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector can provide up to one third of the emission reductions needed to avoid the most severe consequences of climate change. • The conservation and sustainable management of forests can lead to significant reductions in emissions, with approximately 3.3 Gt CO2/year of cost-effective mitigation potential in the tropics alone, representing the most significant opportunity to increase the ambition of nationally determined contributions (NDCs) in many tropical forest countries. • Ninety per cent of NDCs now include the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry sector in their scope (compared to just 76 percent of the first NDCs), but only about 26 percent of NDCs include quantitative mitigation targets, such as hectares reforested, and an even smaller proportion include green house gas-based targets for the sector. • The UN-REDD Programme has supported 20 tropical forest countries to integrate and enhance LULUCF sector actions relating to REDD+, increasing the ambition of their NDCs, through initiatives such as UNDP’s Climate Promise. • The objectives under REDD+ directly relate to Sustainable Development Goal 13 (climate action) and 15 (life on land). However, sustainable forest management and REDD+ actions deliver noncarbon benefits and contribute to several other SDGs, including Goal 3 (good health and well-being), Goal 1(no poverty) and Goal 5 (gender equality).

KEY MESSAGES • Funding mechanisms for REDD+ are the governance structures that countries put in place to gain access to and channel funding towards the policies and measures on the ground that address the drivers of deforestation. • Sources of private finance, including voluntary carbon markets, are playing an increasing role in leveraging public funds to support REDD+ implementation. • Ensuring integrity, transparency and accountability in fund management is key to delivering effective results, and to both domestic and international confidence in fund management.

KEY MESSAGES • Approximately 70 million indigenous people are long-time dwellers and curators of vast expanses of forests across the world. In addition, more than 400 million rural people reside in or near forests, and their livelihoods depend on forests. • Indigenous peoples and local communities are crucial stakeholders – as well as rights holders – in the implementation of the Paris Agreement, notably Article 5 (forest-based solutions to the climate emergency). • UN-REDD has devised and implemented a wide range of policy instruments and development practices to help countries promote the participation and inclusion of indigenous peoples and local communities in forest-based climate solutions. • UN-REDD has helped more than 30 countries establish participatory and inclusive platforms for REDD+ policies and processes. These platforms are key to continuing the participation of indigenous peoples and local communities through REDD+ financing, including performance payment schemes and emerging carbon market opportunities. • Countries around the world, from Colombia to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, have successfully employed these UN-REDD policy instruments and development practices, helping their REDD+ endeavours become socially inclusive, politically innovative and internationally recognized.