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*Executive summary provided in English, French, Spanish and Indonesian* This paper provides an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding relationships between carbon and biodiversity in tropical forests. • At a global scale, tropical forests provide some of the highest levels of biomass carbon storage, productivity and biodiversity. • Within tropical forests, spatial patterns of carbon dynamics and biodiversity are complex, with limited correlations between these variables. • There are a number of environmental and historical factors that may have caused the observed variations in carbon dynamics and biodiversity across the tropics. • The degree to which direct causal relationships exist between carbon dynamics and biodiversity in tropical forests is still uncertain, although experimental work in other ecosystems has shown that biodiversity often promotes productivity and stability. • Areas of ongoing uncertainty include: the temporal variability of ecosystem processes and their response to environmental change; the importance of interactions between species, and the quantification of carbon stocks and fluxes in tropical soils and below-ground biomass

This paper provides an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding relationships between carbon and biodiversity in tropical forests. • At a global scale, tropical forests provide some of the highest levels of biomass carbon storage, productivity and biodiversity. • Within tropical forests, spatial patterns of carbon dynamics and biodiversity are complex, with limited correlations between these variables. • There are a number of environmental and historical factors that may have caused the observed variations in carbon dynamics and biodiversity across the tropics. • The degree to which direct causal relationships exist between carbon dynamics and biodiversity in tropical forests is still uncertain, although experimental work in other ecosystems has shown that biodiversity often promotes productivity and stability. • Areas of ongoing uncertainty include: the temporal variability of ecosystem processes and their response to environmental change; the importance of interactions between species, and the quantification of carbon stocks and fluxes in tropical soils and below-ground biomass

*Executive summaries provided in English, French, Spanish and Indonesian* This paper investigates the relationship and potential synergies between monitoring systems for carbon stock changes and multiple benefits from REDD+.

This paper investigates the relationship and potential synergies between monitoring systems for carbon stock changes and multiple benefits from REDD+.

*Executive summary provided in English, French, Spanish and Indonesian* This issues paper considers options to safeguard and enhance these benefits under a national REDD+ programme. It assesses the opportunities for and risks to these benefits during REDD+ preparation, design and implementation, measuring, reporting and verification. It focuses on those approaches to REDD+ for which there is scope to safeguard and/or enhance ecosystem-derived benefits, and which are included within the existing national strategies of UN-REDD Programme partner countries. It considers various tools and measures that are available to increase the opportunities for and decrease the risks to these benefits, and suggests some of the likely trade-offs between carbon, ecosystem-derived benefits and cost. Trade-offs may involve exchanging short-term use of resources for long-term sustainable use, or may involve a long-term prioritisation of one benefit over another.

This issues paper considers options to safeguard and enhance these benefits under a national REDD+ programme. It assesses the opportunities for and risks to these benefits during REDD+ preparation, design and implementation, measuring, reporting and verification. It focuses on those approaches to REDD+ for which there is scope to safeguard and/or enhance ecosystem-derived benefits, and which are included within the existing national strategies of UN-REDD Programme partner countries. It considers various tools and measures that are available to increase the opportunities for and decrease the risks to these benefits, and suggests some of the likely trade-offs between carbon, ecosystem-derived benefits and cost. Trade-offs may involve exchanging short-term use of resources for long-term sustainable use, or may involve a long-term prioritisation of one benefit over another.

*Executive summary provided in English, French, Spanish and Indonesian* The paper provides an analysis of the ecosystem-derived multiple benefits of REDD+. The terminology around multiple benefits is not yet clear cut. Here, the different terms in use are reviewed and suggestions are made about how terms can be used in a consistent way. The range of different ecosystem-derived benefits is surveyed and the most important ones identified. There is the risk of environmental harms as well as benefits from REDD+. Some of the benefits are closely related to each other, and tend to co-occur. Benefits are delivered at different scales; some are primarily local while others may be national or global. Different REDD+ activities may give rise to different benefits and risks. Assessing the magnitude of the benefits from REDD+ is often not easy; nevertheless, in some cases it may be possible to provide an estimate of the economic value of the ecosystem-derived benefits. In all cases, the monitoring of benefits can play an important role. A number of equity issues arise in connection with ecosystem-derived benefits which should be addressed in the implementation of REDD+.

The paper provides an analysis of the ecosystem-derived multiple benefits of REDD+. The terminology around multiple benefits is not yet clear cut. Here, the different terms in use are reviewed and suggestions are made about how terms can be used in a consistent way. The range of different ecosystem-derived benefits is surveyed and the most important ones identified. There is the risk of environmental harms as well as benefits from REDD+. Some of the benefits are closely related to each other, and tend to co-occur. Benefits are delivered at different scales; some are primarily local while others may be national or global. Different REDD+ activities may give rise to different benefits and risks. Assessing the magnitude of the benefits from REDD+ is often not easy; nevertheless, in some cases it may be possible to provide an estimate of the economic value of the ecosystem-derived benefits. In all cases, the monitoring of benefits can play an important role. A number of equity issues arise in connection with ecosystem-derived benefits which should be addressed in the implementation of REDD+.

This paper provides an overview of the issues surrounding and opportunities for achieving the ecosystem aspects of multiple benefitsfrom Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in developing countries (REDD).

REDD+ can bring about benefits in addition to the primary benefit of carbon storage.   Through careful planning and implementation, additional benefits from biodiversity and ecosystem services can be secured. The decisions made and approaches adopted for different REDD+ activities will affect the type, extent and quality of biodiversity and ecosystem services that are delivered. The UN-REDD Programme is helping countries to integrate multiple benefits into their REDD+ planning.

REDD+ can bring about benefits in addition to the primary benefit of carbon storage. Through careful planning and implementation, additional benefits from biodiversity and ecosystem services can be secured. The decisions made and approaches adopted for different REDD+ activities will affect the type, extent and quality of biodiversity and ecosystem services that are delivered. The UN-REDD Programme is helping countries to integrate multiple benefits into their REDD+ planning.